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Space Physics

Even if you haven’t thought about it much, space has played an important part in your life and will continue to play an important role far into the future. The vast expanses of the cosmos are the last great frontier for humanity, so we need to talk about what is out there, and how everything out there interacts with everything else. This article is here to give you an overview of each topic that you need to know about within space physics, as well as a very quick rundown of what you’ll learn in each. Make sure to go deep into the articles

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Space Physics

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Even if you haven’t thought about it much, space has played an important part in your life and will continue to play an important role far into the future. The vast expanses of the cosmos are the last great frontier for humanity, so we need to talk about what is out there, and how everything out there interacts with everything else. This article is here to give you an overview of each topic that you need to know about within space physics, as well as a very quick rundown of what you’ll learn in each. Make sure to go deep into the articles

What is Space Physics?

Space physics is the branch of physics that tries to answer some of the oldest questions humans have ever had, such as what is our place in the universe? or where did we come from? These questions have been asked for thousands of years and are likely to continue being asked and answered for thousands more.

Space Physics Topics

Within GCSE physics, space physics has a more clearly defined goal. You will have to learn about 4 topics within space physics: Our Solar System, The Life Cycle of a Star, Orbital motions and Redshift. Each of these topics has an associated explanation that goes into a lot more depth than we are going to cover in this one, so make sure you read them!

Space Physics vs Astrophysics

At GCSE level, space physics and astrophysics can be used completely interchangeably. You do not need to worry about any differences between the two. For now, you only need to know and use the term space physics and be aware that astrophysics is a field of research that means essentially the same thing. But just because you don't have to worry, doesn't mean that you can't go beyond the scope of your school curriculum and learn about how space physics and astrophysics are different now!

Outside of GCSE physics, astrophysics is the study of objects outside the solar system, such as supernovae, nebulae and black holes. Space physics, on the other hand, is the term given to a specific field of research that studies plasmas within our solar system, which includes subjects like planetary physics and solar physics.

Outside of GCSE physics, space physics more closely focuses on the magnetic fields of planets, how these magnetic fields interact with the solar wind, and how these changes can affect satellites in orbit. You don’t need to know about these yet though, so it’s best not to worry about them until they come up.

An Overview of Each Topic

Let’s now take this opportunity to look at each topic within space physics and figure out what each one involves. As you learn each of these topics, you will also be able to start drawing links between them which should also strengthen your overall understanding of space physics.

Our Solar System

  • The topic “Our Solar System” explores the objects in the Solar System, and how they were formed. There are 9 major objects in the solar system, including the Sun. In order of distance from the sun, these are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Each of these planets orbits the sun at a different speed and a different orbital radius.
  • Some of the planets in our solar system also have objects orbiting them, called moons. Moons are usually substantially smaller than the planets they orbit and are examples of natural satellites. On top of these natural satellites, there are also hundreds of man-made satellites travelling through the solar system each performing different tasks, being used as communications relays or for scientific studies.
  • You will also learn about the fusion reaction that keeps a star in a delicate equilibrium between collapsing in on itself and expanding outwards into nothing. This leads quite nicely to learning about the life cycle of a star as well.

The Life Cycle of a Star

Stars are some of the largest individual objects in the universe, and compared to a human lifespan they seem to live forever! Stars do still go through a life cycle, however, just like humans do.

  • All stars go through a life cycle from the birth of the star to their inevitable death. The size of a given star determines a few things about its life cycle. The size of a star determines how long a star will live, as well as the stages it goes through leading up to its death.
  • At GCSE level, you need to be able to describe the life cycle of two different sizes of stars: stars that are about the same size as the sun and stars that are much larger than the sun. The diagram below outlines the life cycles of these two varying sizes of stars. Notice how no matter the size of the star, they all go through the same first three stages!A diagram which shows the life cycle of stars the same size as the sun and stars that are much more massive than the sun.
    A diagram showing the life cycles of different sizes of stars, Kourosh Simpkins - StudySmarter Originals
  • You will also need to learn about how a star generates heat and light. In short, they utilise a process called nuclear fusion. Nuclear fusion is where two atomic nuclei are fused into one nucleus. In main-sequence stars, the fuels used for nuclear fusion are hydrogen atoms. However, as stars reach the end of their life cycles they fuse heavier elements, all the way up to Iron. Any elements heavier than iron were formed in supernovae which spread all of the elements created throughout the universe.
  • Several of the elements in the periodic table are formed in the hearts of dying stars. This process is called supernova nucleosynthesis. Another type of nucleosynthesis is stellar nucleosynthesis, which covers all nuclei that are formed in a star at any stage of its life. In fact, most elements are formed because of a reaction or interaction involving stars. Check out the version of the periodic table below for the elements and where they can be formed.

    A version of the periodic table, indicating the main origin of elements found on Earth, By Cmglee - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=31761437

Orbital Motion, Natural and Artificial Satellites

Companies and countries spend a lot of time, manpower, and money sending satellites into space to perform a variety of tasks. Some satellites are used for global navigation, like the GPS or GLONASS constellations. Other satellites may be used for satellite internet connections, like SpaceX's Starlink constellation. Importantly, every single one of these satellites has had its orbital speed calculated at one point or another in its life. We want to know the orbital speed of a satellite so that we can ensure that it remains in orbit.

If the orbital speed of any satellite ever dropped below the minimum speed to orbit the Earth, engineers would immediately want to know why that happened, as well as find a way to fix it. Because it is very likely that you either directly or indirectly use at least one of these satellites a day, calculating orbital speed is a daily part of life that you may never have considered, and essential to the modern world.

  • The force that causes objects to maintain circular orbits is gravity. Every object in the universe has a gravitational pull, however, you probably don't feel the gravitational pull of people or other relatively small objects, because it only really has a noticeable pull when the object has a very large mass, such as a planet.

  • Not only does every object in space exert a gravitational pull, but they also have an orbital motion that defines how the object moves through space. For a circular orbit, the speed of the orbit is constant, but the velocity is constantly changing. Remember, velocity is the speed of an object in a given direction. In the diagram below, the speed of the planet doesn't change but notice that the velocity changes between location 1 and location 2 due to the change in the direction of the object's motion as it moves from location 1 to location 2.

    A diagram displaying the velocity and force vectors of an object orbiting in circular motion around a more massive body. StudySmarter Originals

Red-Shift

There are a few theories that explore how our universe came into existence. These theories are based on observations that astronomers have made and on looking at concepts such as red-shift and dark energy. As part of the red-shift topic, we'll also explore and explain the big bang theory.

  • Red-shift is the phenomenon of light we observe from distant galaxies being 'redder' when it reaches Earth than when it was originally emitted by a galaxy. The light's wavelength is shifted towards the red end of the visible spectrum. One source of red-shift is the expansion of the universe. The expansion of space causes galaxies that are further away from us to recede from us faster. The light waves emitted by further and relatively faster-moving galaxies are red-shifted more than closer slower galaxies. The more red-shifted the light from a galaxy is, the faster the galaxy is moving away from us.
  • The fact that we can observe red-shift is evidence supporting the big bang theory. The big bang theory suggests that the universe began as a very small region that was extremely hot and densely packed. This theory is further backed up by the fact that the universe seems to be expanding, and we have observed this expansion thanks to red-shift.
  • There is still more about the universe that we do not know. Two such examples are dark energy and dark matter.
  • Scientists are not completely sure why the rate of expansion of our universe is increasing, however, some have theorised that it is due to a phenomenon we have not yet fully discovered called dark energy.

  • Dark matter was theorised due to observations of galaxies rotating too quickly for the mass that they contain. We only know of its existence because it has a gravitational effect on nearby objects, but we have never directly observed it.

Space Physics - Key takeaways

  • Space physics is the study of objects in our universe and how they interact with each other.
  • Inside the space physics topic, there are four main sub-topics that you need to be aware of. These are our solar system, the life cycle of a star, orbital motion, and red-shift.
  • Our solar system explores objects that are in our solar system, how they interact and how they were all formed.
  • The life cycle of a star looks at what happens as a star is born, lives, and what happens when stars die.
  • Orbital motion explains how objects interact with each other due to gravity, and how we describe and explain orbits.
  • Red-shift looks at the life of the universe, the evidence for the big bang theory and some unknown things that we cannot currently explain.

Frequently Asked Questions about Space Physics

Space in physics, or outer space, is everything beyond the Earth and its atmosphere. It contains everything we know of, from the smallest particles up to the largest stars and black holes.

The topics of space physics are our solar system, the life cycle of a star, orbital motion and red-shift.

Space physics is about exploring how objects interact with each other in our universe, some of the rules they have to follow and understanding some of the best examples of how we as humans have gotten to where we are today.

Test your knowledge with multiple choice flashcards

Which planet in the solar system is the hottest

What is the orbital speed of Mercury?Orbital radius = 58 million kilometres, Orbital period = 88 days.

What is responsible for the acceleration of the expansion of the universe?

Next

What is the relationship between Doppler effect and red-shift?

You may have observed that an ambulance or police car's siren sounds high-pitched as it approaches you and then drops to a low-pitched tone as it leaves. This phenomenon is called the Doppler effect and it is caused by a change in frequency or wavelength. It occurs whenever a wave source moves closer to or away from an observer. When an object moves closer to an observer, the waves change to a higher frequency with a shorter wavelength. there is a shift in the frequency of the waves to higher, and in the wavelength to shorter. The same applies to light in addition to sound. 

When the light waves move away from an observer, the wavelengths increase. Since the spectrum of light shifts toward the red color in the spectrum, it is called red-shift.

What is the difference between red-shift and blue-shift?

When the light waves move away from an observer, the wavelengths increase. Since the spectrum of light shifts toward the red color in the spectrum, it is called red-shift. However, when the light waves move towards the observer, then the wavelengths get shorter and the spectrum shifts to the blue color. In this case, it is called blue-shift

How fast a star or galaxy is is not related to the red-shift. (True/False)

False. 

The faster a star or galaxy is moving relative to the observer, the bigger the shift is.  

What does the red-shift phenomenon indicate?

The red-shift phenomenon indicates that the other galaxies are moving away from the Milky Way galaxy and the universe is expanding.  

What is the definition of the Big Bang?

The Big Bang is the name given to the event that, in the light of modern cosmological theories, made it possible for our Universe to form as a result of the expansion of matter from an extremely dense and hot point. In other words, just like the singularity at the center of black holes, there is also a singularity at the beginning of the Universe. The universe started from this singular point and evolved towards its present state.  

What was the name of the theory of Fred Hoyle?

Steady State Theory

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